IT jobs

Marketing jobs

2009-05-20T23:40:00.000-07:00

Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which individuals and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the products and services of others.

Marketing is defined by the as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.

Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative industry, which includes and . It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.

Marketing is influenced by many of the particularly , and are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities. Through it is also related to many of the . The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

Branding

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A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes products and services from competitive offerings. A brand represents the consumers' experience with an organization, product, or service. A brand is more than a name, design or symbol. Brand reflects personality of the company which is organizational culture.

A brand has also been defined as an identifiable entity that makes a specific value based on promises made and kept either actively or passively.

Branding means creating reference of certain products in mind.

involves marketing activity involving two or more products.

information technology works

2009-05-20T23:32:00.000-07:00

Information technology

During 2001-2002, a Scholar-in-Residence at the Sherman Kent Center for Intelligence Analysis, the “think tank” attached to the CIA’s training center for analysts, ^[12] was tasked with something new: using an outside scholar to study the process of analysis itself, especially how Information Technology (IT) was, and could be, used.

His "approach was to watch as many DI analysts as practical and ask them how they performed their work. We discussed what kinds of tasks were hard to do and what technologies or procedures seemed to work smoothly. We also talked about their own ideas about how they might use IT more effectively. For the sake of comparison, I also met with researchers at organizations that perform functions similar to those of the DI (e.g., other intelligence organizations; the Congressional Research Service; The Washington Post; and business risk assessment services). Finally, I drew on my own experience in business and non-government research institutions. I was able to watch the DI respond to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 and ramp-up for the war on terrorism.

"I came away from this experience impressed by the quality of DI analysts, but also concerned about their lack of awareness of and access to new information technology and services that could be of critical value to their work. The DI has used automated databases since the 1970s and has gradually improved its capabilities. With the existing system, analysts can perform most searches for source documents from CIA archives at their desks and retrieve the documents electronically."

It is sadly worth noting, however, that CIA analysts still do much better than their FBI counterparts, who have difficulty accessing any external secure networks, or sharing the most sensitive data within their agency. ^[13]. NSA, however, seems to be much more comfortable with using IT as a daily tool.

Agency internal data bases continue to improve over earlier generations, but, in many respects, are inferior to commercial search engines. It should be remembered, however, that ease of use is not an absolute requirement. Some search engine human interfaces are "expert friendly" rather than "user friendly", allowing analysts with solid backgrounds in complex search strategies to be at their most efficient. One indicator of some system shortcomings is simply the fact that an important part of a DI analyst’s tradecraft is building an informal source network. A good analyst either knows someone, or “knows someone who knows someone,” at another office or organization who can get the information they need. A good analyst will use these contacts to develop more leads in the process. In the commercial world, these contacts are managed with CRM, ERM, or social networking software.

Agency policies and practices create five kinds of constraints that prevent the DI from acquiring new IT and using it effectively. In 2008, the may have broken through some of these constraints, or will break through in time.

Security and IT

Security is probably the single most important factor that prevents the DI from applying information technology more effectively. Security is absolutely essential for intelligence, of course. The problem is that, when it comes to IT, approach is not “risk management,” but “risk exclusion.”

Until recently, personal digital assistants were forbidden in high-security facilities. There are some very specialized electronic security threats that could apply, so it may be that a secure PDA needs to be developed and provided. Even in government agencies with sensitive but unclassifed information (e.g., personal health information covered by , there has been a serious concern over information bypassing safeguards on tiny solid state disk equivalents, which can fit into pens. Other agencies, however, are addressing this problem by requiring the devices to store information in encrypted form, and using biometric identification.

Such exclusionary rules also send an implicit message to DI analysts that information technology is dangerous and not essential for analysis. Analysts are, by the nature of their work, especially aware of security threats. So when they are told that a technology is potentially dangerous, their instinct is to avoid it unless absolutely necessary.

A laptop can be secured, but the security both has to be built-in, and maintained. Files need strong encryption. Multiple layers of security risk detection tools are needed. Biometric authentication will identify only legitimate users.

Security staffs must develop a better understanding of how analysts work. Rather than simply excluding technologies, their goal should be to develop methods of applying IT that are so user-friendly that DI analysts can operate securely with as few hindrances as possible.

[edit] Challenges of compartmentation

Despite decades of trying to reduce the barriers between the Directorate of Intelligence and the Directorate of Operations (DO), sharp divides still exist. The DI and the DO, for example, have separate databases and separate IT architectures. Several DI analysts even told me that they had a better working relationship with their counterparts at NSA than with their own CIA colleagues in the DO.

The CIA already has experience that proves the gulf between the directorates is not inevitable. DI and DO personnel, for example, work well together in the Counterterrorist Center (CTC), which falls organizationally under the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). In CTC, DI and DO personnel work side by side. As a result, DO officers treat DI counterparts like full members of “the team.” DI analysts in CTC have access to DO databases and tools that few analysts elsewhere in the DI can tap into.

Procurement protocols

Even if CIA managers agreed today to put a new computer, integrated software suite, and data links on the desk of every DI analyst, one would not see many changes for two to three years. This is partly because CIA acquisition is paced by the annual federal budget cycle, and partly because of the CIA’s own procedures.

Indian Police Service

2009-05-20T22:17:00.000-07:00

History

The term ‘’police broadly connotes the purposeful maintenance of public order and protection of persons and property from the hazards of public accidents and the commission of unlawful acts. A popular belief is that the is a creation of the British rule in but a study of the ancient Indian history shows the origin and development of the law enforcement institutions since the Vedic period. Kautilya, who established an elaborate system of policing and laid down several grades of , could rightly be called the father of the modern concept of

The police as a department had become a well established administrative institution during the the passage of time, the police responsibility widened and different organisations had to be necessarily created in order to effectively implement the law and enforce order, and bring the criminals to justice. Principles of internal security, the moral and ethical responsibilities of the king and the system of policing developed in ancient towns and villages were effectively followed and improved by the successive Hindu kings.

With the advent of the Mughals, policing became a subsidiary aspect of the conqueror’s stratagic, military and revenue requirements. The age-old community based policing was largely replaced by a mercenary and exotic group of people with official patronage. Even then, community policing, either through the medium of the landlords or through the village level panchayats and analogous bodies persisted to a certain extent.

The first hundred years of British rule in India saw a number of remarkable changes in the system of criminal justice administration. With the East India Company’s interference in the country’s administration, laws were revised to suit the imperial needs. Warren Hastings suggested the first major amendments in 1772, when he prepared a detailed note indicating the remedial measures necessary to maintain law and order in Bengal. His report was later amended from time to time but the basic features are still discernible.

Report of The First Police Commission, appointed on 17th August, 1860, contained detailed guidelines for the desired system of police in India. The Second Police Commission (1902-1903) went into details of the organisational structure of police at the district level, functioning of the railway police and the river police, recruitment, training and pay structure of different subordinate ranks of police.

The contribution was to put the system of policing on a professional footing and to bring about a large measure of uniformity in its laws, procedures and practices.The Present Policing System in the country is based on the

Prior to Independence, superior police officers belonged to the Indian (Imperial) Police appointed by the of State on the basis of competitive examination. The first open competition for the service was held in England in June, 1893 and the top ten candidates were appointed as probationers of the Indian Police.It is not possible to pinpoint a date on which it could positively be claimed that the came into being. However, in 1907 the Secretary of State’s officers were directed to wear the letters "IP" on their epaulettes to distinguish them from the other officers not recruited by the of State. In this sense, 1907 could be regarded as the starting point for the

After Independence, this service was replaced by the present day Indian Police Service (I.P.S.) in 1948.

video game

2009-05-20T22:13:00.000-07:00

A video game is an that involves interaction with a to generate visual feedback on a . The word video in video game traditionally referred to a display device. However, with the popular use of the term "video game", it now implies any type of . The to play video games are known as platforms; examples of these are and These platforms range from large to small video games such as previously common, have gradually declined in use.

The used to manipulate video games is called a and varies across platforms. For example, a dedicated console controller might consist of only a button and a . Another may feature a dozen buttons and one or more joysticks. Early personal computer games often needed a for or more commonly, required the user to buy a separate joystick with at least one button. Many modern computer games allow, or even require, the player to use a keyboard and simultaneously.

Video games typically also use other ways of providing interaction and information to the player. Audio is almost universal, using devices, such as . But other feedback may come via as vibration

Development

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Video game development and authorship, much like any other form of entertainment is frequently a cross disciplinary field. , as employees within this industry are commonly referred, primarily include and . Although, over the years this has expanded to include almost every type of skill that one might see prevalent in any movie or television program including , other technicians; all of which are managed by

In the early days of the industry, it was more common for a single person to manage all of the roles needed to create a video game. As platforms have become more complex and powerful in the type of material they can present, larger teams have been needed to generate all of the art, programming, cinematography, and more. This is not to say that the age of the "one-man shop" is gone as this still occurs in the casual gaming and handheld markets where single screen games are more prevalent due to technical limitations of the target platform (such as cellphones and PDAs).

With the growth of the size of development teams in the industry the problem of cost has become more critical then ever. Development studios need to be able to pay their staff a competitive wage in order to attract and retain the best talent, while publishers are constantly on the look to keep costs down in order to maintain profitability on their investment. Typically, a video game console development team can range in sizes of anywhere from 5 to 50 people, with some teams exceeding 100. The growth of team size combined with greater pressures to get completed projects into the market to begin recouping production costs has led to a greater occurrence of missed deadlines and unfinished products; is the quintessential example of these problems.

Medicals RFC

2009-05-20T22:02:00.000-07:00

Medicals RFC is a club in who have been in existence since 1898. They currently play in the 2 (DN2) league, they were promoted from in the 2006-7 season.

Medicals RFC are most famous for the 1995-6 side that reached the final of the RFU Pilkington Shield at and won the trophy – beating 16 v 6.

The uniform of the Club is maroon jerseys with white collars, white shorts and maroon stockings with white tops.

Helston RFC was formed in 1965, when a group of men within the town of that Rugby had a place within the local community. Their first ever game took place against Penryn 2nd XV, which resulted in a 14-9 loss. However, their first victory would occur a few games later against the Hornets.

The club would go on to win several junior cups throughout the 1980s, with victories over such sides as Bodmin, Liskeard-Looe, St. Agnes and Bude.

However, in the 1995-6 season, the club would achieve an incredible feat. They reached the final of the Pilkington Shield (now the Powergen Vase), which is some achievement for a small club as it was the largest club rugby competition in the world, with 501 teams competing. They eventually lost at Twickenham on the 4th May 1996, against (16-6) from Newcastle.

Competitions

Currently, Helston play in the Cornwall One league, following promotion from Cornwall Two a couple of seasons ago. Captained by former Cornwall fly half, Steve Trethowan and riding high in their league. They also compete in the Cornwall Junior Cup annually and also take part in the EDF Energy Junior Vase every season.

King George V Playing Field

The King George V Playing Field has been in use by the club since the club played its first match in 1965. It is owned by Kerrier District Council. Until recently, the facilities at the site were extremely poor by any standards. However, on the 20th April 2006, a new clubhouse was opened which included two top quality changing rooms and a brand new bar facility.

Computer & Communication Industry Association

2009-05-20T21:59:00.000-07:00

Computer & Communication Industry Association (or CCIA) is an advocacy organization based in Washington, D.C. which represents large players in the computer, Internet, information technology, and telecommunications industries. According to their site, CCIA "promotes open markets, open systems, open networks, and full, fair, and open competition." are an anti- group that has been active in the promotion of various patent reforms that would weaken patent protection, especially for software. This campaign is largely seen as an anti- alliance.

Oracle Corporation ( specializes in developing and marketing products — particularly . Through organic growth and a number of high-profile acquisitions, Oracle enlarged its share of the software market. By 2007 Oracle ranked third on the list of largest software companies in the world, after and Subsequently it became larger than IBM after its acquisition of

The corporation has arguably become best-known due to association with its . The company also builds tools for , middle-tier (ERP), (CRM) and (SCM) software.

The founder and Oracle Corporation, has served as Oracle's CEO throughout the company's history. Ellison also served as the until his replacement by in 2004. Ellison retains his role as CEO.

Ellison took inspiration from the 1970 paper written by on relational named "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". had heard about the from an article in the IBM Research Journal provided by (a future co-founder of Oracle Corporation). System R also derived from Codd's theories, and Ellison wanted to make his Oracle product compatible with System R, but IBM stopped this by keeping the error codes for their DBMS secret. Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 under the name Software Development Laboratories (SDL). In 1979 SDL changed its name to Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1982, RSI renamed itself as Oracle align itself more closely with its flagship product . At this stage served as the company's senior programmer.

On April 20, 2009 Oracle announced it was acquiring

Bike Magazine

2009-05-20T21:55:00.000-07:00

Bike Magazine ("Bike") is a magazine published by , edited by Steve Rose. The magazine claims the title of "Britain's best-selling motorcycle magazine", based on circulation figures provided by the (ABC).

Established in 1971, originally as a one-off special associated with and edited by Bike publishes a wide-ranging mix of news, tests, opinion and editorial. For more than 30 years the magazine has featured the full-page comic-strip

BIKE Athletic Company (the Bike Company) is a sportswear company with headquarters in They invented the in 1874 for bicyclists in They remain the market leader, having sold over 300 million jockstraps.

The company now produces additional protective equipment such as multi-purpose and and also produces and for football, and . At one time, BIKE produced athletic and a wider range of sports-related apparel.

In 2001, BIKE was the official supplier of the . Almost every player in the wore a made by the company.

As of 2003, BIKE is a of , a subsidiary of which is a subsidiary of

Pink Floyd are an band who initially earned recognition for their and music, and later, as they evolved, for their music. Pink Floyd are known for lyrics, and elaborate . One of rock music's most successful acts, the group have sold over 210 million albums worldwide including 74.5 million albums in the United States. Floyd influenced of the 1970s such as and as well as contemporary artists such as and

Pink Floyd were formed in London in 1965 when moved there from Cambridge and joined The Tea Set, a group consisting of architecture students and group had moderate mainstream success and were one of the most popular bands in the London underground music scene in the late 1960s as a psychedelic band led by Syd Barrett. However, Barrett's erratic behaviour eventually led his colleagues to replace him with guitarist and singer . After Barrett's departure, singer and bass player Roger Waters became a dominant force in the group, a situation which developed through the late 1970s and lasted until his departure from the group in 1985. The band had always been popular in England, though they did not achieve worldwide critical and commercial success until the (1973), (1975), and (1977), and the (1979).

Spaceship Earth

2009-05-20T21:46:00.000-07:00

Spaceship Earth is a term usually expressing concern over the use of limited resources available on and the behavior of everyone on it to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good.

It may have been derived from a passage in best known work, . From book IV, chapter 2:

It is a well-provisioned ship, this on which we sail through space. If the bread and beef above decks seem to grow scarce, we but open a hatch and there is a new supply, of which before we never dreamed. And very great command over the services of others comes to those who as the hatches are opened are permitted to say, "This is mine!"

In 1965 a speech to the UN in which he said "We travel together, passengers on a little space ship, dependent on its vulnerable reserves of air and soil". The following year, Spaceship Earth became the title of a book by a friend of Stevenson's, the internationally influential economist

Also in used the phrase in the title of an essay, The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth Boulding described the past open of apparently illimitable resources, which he said he was tempted to call the "cowboy economy", and continued: "The closed economy of the future might similarly be called the 'spaceman' economy, in which the earth has become a single spaceship, without unlimited reservoirs of anything, either for extraction or for pollution, and in which, therefore, man must find his place in a cyclical ecological system". ( would take up the "cowboys in a spaceship" theme in his

The phrase was also popularized by , who wrote and published a book in under the title of This quotation, referring to reflects his approach: "...can make all of humanity successful through science's world-engulfing industrial evolution provided that we are not so foolish as to continue to exhaust in a split second of astronomical history the orderly energy savings of billions of years' energy conservation aboard our Spaceship Earth. These energy savings have been put into our Spaceship's life-regeneration-guaranteeing bank account for use only in self-starter functions."

spoke of Spaceship Earth on , the ceremony of the ringing of the "May there only be peaceful and cheerful Earth Days to come for our beautiful Spaceship Earth as it continues to spin and circle in frigid space with its warm and fragile cargo of animate life."

NASA Academy

2009-05-20T21:41:00.000-07:00

NASA Academy is a unique summer experience of higher learning whose goal is to help guide the future leaders of the American Space Program by giving them a glimpse of how the whole system works." - NASA Academy Founder (1926 – 2000)

Since its founding in 1993, the NASA Academy has brought together future leaders of the aerospace industry and exposed them to the inner workings of NASA, academia, and industry. The Academy consists of a ten-week summer program hosted by a participating NASA center. Currently there are academies at and . Previous Academies have been held at

The NASA Academy at was founded in 1993 at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center by Gerald "Gerry" Soffen. The concept was largely based on the concept of the . Soffen envisioned the NASA Academy as a leadership program with an inter-disciplinary approach similar to ISU, but without the emphasis on the international and intercultural aspects. Specifically, Soffen created the program to "give possible 'leaders' a view into how NASA, the university community, and the private sector function; [to] set their priorities; and [to] contribute to the success of the aerospace program."

The NASA Academy program is currently designed in three parts:

An individual research component, wherein the Research Associate is paired with a Principal Investigator, takes up about 40% of the RA's time.
An extensive leadership training and introduction to NASA, including lectures and site visits to a variety of NASA centers, companies, and university labs, takes up about 40% of the RA's time.
A team project, requiring collaborative effort of all RAs, takes up about 20% of the RA's time.

NASA Academy RAs are typically expected to work long hours: as a general rule, the day is scheduled from 07:30 to 21:00, after which RAs work on the Team Project or on individual research assignments. However, NASA Academy RAs are also typically given excellent opportunities, including field trips to other centers and excellent access to the leaders and decision-makers of the aerospace industry.

A NASA Academy class typically varies from 10-20 RAs per center per year. RAs are selected in a joint effort between the NASA Center, the NASA Academy Alumni Association, the PIs, and the State Space Grant Consortia. In recent years, the NASA Academy af GSFC has begun admitting a French student every year, in cooperation with

Indian Army

2009-05-20T21:35:00.000-07:00

The Indian Army (IA; भारतीय थलसेना, Bhāratīya Thalsēnā) is the largest branch of the of bears responsibility for military operations. Its primary objectives include defending India from external aggression, maintaining peace and security within the country, patrolling borders and conducting counter-terrorist operations. It also conducts rescue and humanitarian operations during calamities and other disturbances. The President of India is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.

With more than 1,130,000 soldiers in and about 1,800,000 the Indian Army is the world's third largest. It is a completely voluntary service and although a provision for exists in the it has never been imposed.

The Indian Army was formed soon after India gained independence in 1947 and retained most of the regiments of the The Army is deployed in many of the world's conflict zones as a part of the forces. The force is currently headed by the is the highest attainable rank in the Indian Army and is conferred by the on advice of the in exceptional circumstances. Two officers have attained this rank so far.

The Indian Army doctrine defines the role of the Indian Army as - "The Indian Army is the land component of the Indian Armed Forces which exist to uphold the ideals of the Constitution of India." As a major component of national power, along with the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force, the roles of the Indian Army are as follows :

Primary: Preserve national interests and safeguard sovereignty, territorial integrity and unity of India against any external threats by deterrence or by waging war.

Secondary: Assist Government agencies to cope with ‘proxy war’ and other internal threats and provide aid to civil authority when requisitioned for the purpose."

Main article:

Upon India gaining independence in 1947, the was divided into two parts to serve the newly created nations of and Most units went to India; four regiments were transferred to the British Army while the rest went to India.

Sino-Indian Conflict (1962)

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Since 1959, India followed a "forward policy" under which Indian border patrol units continuously pushed their posts forward deep into territory claimed by the (PRC). Small-scale clashes between the Indian and Chinese forces broke out as India insisted on the disputed being regarded as the international border between the two countries. Despite heavy casualties, Indian troops did not retaliate the cross-border firing by Chinese troops. China's misinterpretation of India's true intentions in created more rifts between the two countries.

Buoyed by the success of its military operations in Hyderabad and Goa, India took a more aggressive stance towards its border disputes with China. In 1962, the Indian Army was ordered to move to the Thag La ridge located near the border between and and about three miles (5 km) north of the disputed McMahon Line. Meanwhile, Chinese troops too had made incursions into Indian-held territory and tensions between the two reached a new high when Indian forces discovered a road constructed by China in After a series of failed negotiations, attacked Indian Army positions at the Thag La ridge. This move by China caught India by surprise and by October 12, Nehru gave orders for the Chinese to be expelled from Aksai Chin. However, poor coordination among various divisions of the Indian Army and the late decision to mobilize the Indian Air Force in vast numbers gave China a crucial tactical and strategic advantage over India. On October 20, Chinese soldiers attacked India in both the North-West and North-Eastern parts of the border and captured vast portions of Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.

As the fighting moved beyond disputed territories, China called on the Indian government to negotiate, however India remained determined to regain lost territory. With no peaceful agreement in sight, China unilaterally withdrew its forces from Arunachal Pradesh. The reasons for the withdrawal are disputed with India claiming various logistical problems for China and diplomatic support to it from the United States, while China stated that it still held territory that it had staked diplomatic claim upon. The dividing line between the Indian and Chinese forces was christened the

The poor decisions made by India's military commanders, and, indeed, its political leadership, raised several questions. The was soon set up by the Government of India to determine the causes of the poor performance of the Indian Army. The report of committee apparently faulted much of the command of Indian Armed Forces and severely criticized the executive government for its failures on several fronts. The committee found that the major reason for the defeat was low deployment of troops on India's border with China even after hostilities began and also criticized the decision to not allow the Indian Air Force to target Chinese transport lines out of fear of Chinese aerial counter-attack on Indian civilian areas. Much of the blame was also targeted at the incompetence of then Defense Minister, who resigned from his post soon after the war ended. Despite frequent calls for its release, the Henderson-Brooks report still remains classified

Television channel

2009-05-20T21:30:00.000-07:00

A television channel is a physical or virtual over which a or is distributed. For example, in "channel 2" refers to the broadcast or cable band of 54 to 60 mhz, with of 55.25 MHz for analog video ( 59.75 MHz for analog audio (, or 55.31 MHz for digital Channels may be shared by many different television stations or cable-distributed channels depending on the location and service provider.

Depending on the multinational for a given region, channels are typically 6, 7, or 8 MHz in , and therefore vary as well. Channel is also different. are the same for reasons, however through each physical (RF) channel can carry several , each normally carries one channel, however can be used on each transponder, with some loss of due to the need for between unrelated , used in and has a similar segmented mod

Television station

Main article: televesion stasion

A television station is a type of broadcast station that both and in a particular area. Traditionally, TV stations made their broadcasts by sending specially-encoded signals over the air, called . Individual television stations are usually granted by a to use a particular section of the (a through which they send their signals. Some stations use to to further areas.

Main article:

Non-broadcast television channels

Because some regions have had difficulty picking up signals (particularly in areas), alternative means of distribution such as direct-to-home satellite and cable television have been introduced. Television channels specifically built to run on cable or satellite blur the line between TV station and TV network. That fact led some early cable channels to call themselves

Animation

2009-05-20T21:23:00.000-07:00

Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of is an of due to the phenomenon of and can be created and demonstrated in a number of ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a program, although several other forms of presenting animation also exist.

Early examples

Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion.

A 5,200 year old earthen bowl found in Iran in has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word.

The as well as the common were early popular animation devices invented during the 1800s, while a Chinese -type device was invented already in 180 AD. These devices produced movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much further until the advent of .

There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of the art of film animation, as there were several people doing several projects which could be considered various types of animation all around the same time.

was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Méliès discovered this technique accidentally when his camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When he had fixed the camera, a hearse happened to be passing by just as Méliès restarted rolling the film, his end result was that he had managed to make a bus transform into a hearse. This was just one of the great contributors to animation in the early years.

Web

2009-05-20T11:16:00.000-07:00

Computing

Web", a hypertext system that operates over the Internet
- the world's first Web browser
- a perceived transition of the Web from a collection of Web sites to a full-fledged computing platform serving Web applications
- a public company that offers websites and other services for small businesses and consumers
a computer programming system created by Donald Knuth to implement literate programming
a website which allows users to create free websites

Publications

comic book published by Archie Comics
by John Wyndham, posthumously published novel set on an island populated by spiders
(WEB), a public domain translation of the Bible
a series of science fiction stories

Television, radio and film

a film noir
an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
, a 2003 Sci-fi movie
The Web , a form of space in the Reboot universe where concentrated, fragmented data gives home to dangerous creatures, storms, and causes degradation in those not of the Web
West End Broadcast (WeB FM), a radio station in Newcastle, England, that was a
forerunner of

Miscellaneous

web, a roll of paper is used, rather than individual pages
Steel made with a web, centered between the top and bottom flange
a record label
continuous sheets of material passed over rollers

Mobile phone accessories

2009-05-20T11:13:00.000-07:00

The typical cell phone has become somewhat obsolete; current cell phones offer embedded features such as memory databases for storing frequently called numbers, locking features for theft deterrence, crystallized displays, internet connection capabilities, and other useful features. With the addition of popular culture, science, and marketing the cellular phone accessories industry has sky rocketed to meet the ever-growing needs of the consumer.

Software

Cellular telephones have become very popular with professionals and consumers as a way to communicate while away from their regular, wire-based phone, creating a niche for software makers to meet demands (and create new ones). The large investment by buying a 7% stake in GeoWorks – a California company that makes software for shows how the market has attracted different companies⁴.

Batteries and Chargers

use to send and receive calls, this makes a portable battery a necessity – and the cell phone must include a power source. Rechargeable batteries provide the usual source of power, but most cell phones can also be attached to the cigarette lighter in a vehicle or to some other external power device.

Although the idea of radiant energy has been around not long after the discovery of electricity, new changes of “radiant energy” and advanced uses of are gaining ground in the industrial market:

“Michael Faraday found in the 1830s that changing a magnetic field induces an electrical current in a nearby wire”; “one of the first patents registered in the 1890s by of Edison’s former assistants, was for “radiant energy”¹.
Argonne scientists stated in the 211th meeting of The Argonne scientists said they have adapted the ability to stabilize and increase capacity of rechargeable using an active component⁵.

Market

Various news quotes show how much the industry has grown and is expected to grow:

Accessories maker Parrot figures that while only one in six cell-phone sales now results in an accessory purchase; by 2011 the number of sales will rise to one in three. "That means that it's going to be a tug of war for accessories," says Edward Valdez, U.S. president of
late last year launched five specialty stores in New York focused exclusively on selling phones and related accessories. "Once people get used to the idea of the phones not being just for calling, they'll buy other things," says John Zittrauer, sales lead at Best Buy Mobile in Union Square in Manhattan
In addition to foreign purchases of communication equipments and parts, six million cell phones and accessories will be domestically produced for mobile phone industry, noted here on Monday, the Minister of Industries and Mines Alireza Tahmasbi².
“With China having almost double the number of cellular subscribers we are having to shift more attention towards providing international competition”, states CEO of currently has 380 million subscribers and expects another 250 million by 2010

Satellite

2009-05-20T11:09:00.000-07:00

This article is about artificial satellites. For natural satellites, also known as moons, see

Satellites and Satalite redirect here. For the Canadian reggae band, see

For other uses, see

Early conceptions

The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit is a by story is serialized in starting in 1869. The idea surfaces again in (1879).

In 1903 (1857–1935) published The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices (in Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами), which is the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch calculated the required for a minimal around the Earth at 8 km/s, and that a fueled by liquid could be used to achieve this. He proposed the use of and other combinations can be used.

In 1928 Slovenian (1892–1929) published his sole book, The Problem of Space Travel — The Rocket Motor (Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums — der Raketen-Motor), a plan for a breakthrough into space and a permanent human presence there. He conceived of a space station in detail and calculated its . He described the use of orbiting spacecraft for detailed peaceful and military observation of the ground and described how the special conditions of space couldn't be useful for scientific experiments. The book described geostationary satellites (first put forward by Tsiolkovsky) and discussed communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short of the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays.

In a 1945 the English science fiction writer (1917-2008) described in detail the possible use of for mass communications. Clarke examined the logistics of satellite launch, possible and other aspects of the creation of a network of world-circling satellites, pointing to the benefits of high-speed global communications. He also suggested that three satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet.

History of artificial satellites

Further information:

Space Surveillance Network

The (SSN) has been tracking space objects since 1957 when the Soviets opened the space age with the launch of Sputnik I. Since then, the SSN has tracked more than 26,000 space objects orbiting Earth. The SSN currently tracks more than 8,000 man-made orbiting objects. The rest have re-entered Earth's turbulent atmosphere and disintegrated, or survived re-entry and impacted the Earth. The space objects now orbiting Earth range from satellites weighing several tons to pieces of spent rocket bodies weighing only 10 pounds. About seven percent of the space objects are operational satellites (i.e. ~560 satellites), the rest are primarily interested in the active satellites, but also tracks space debris which upon reentry might otherwise be mistaken for incoming missiles. The SSN tracks space objects that are 10 centimeters in diameter (baseball size) or larger.

Non-Military Satellite Services

There are three basic categories of non-military satellite services:

are satellites that are armed, designed to take out enemy warheads, satellites, other space assets. They may have particle weapons, energy weapons, kinetic weapons, nuclear and/or conventional missiles and/or a combination of these weapons.
are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.
are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally for scientific experimentation.
are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of . Modern communications satellites typically use or
are satellites of unusually low weights and small sizes. New classifications are used to categorize these satellites: minisatellite (500–200 kg), microsatellite (below 200 kg), nanosatellite (below 10 kg).
are satellites which use time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving electronics, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time.
are or deployed for . Little is known about the full power of these satellites, as governments who operate them usually keep information pertaining to their reconnaissance satellites classified.
are satellites intended for non-military uses such as monitoring, etc. (See especially
are man-made structures that are designed for to live on in . A space station is distinguished from other manned its lack of major or — instead, other vehicles are used as transport to and from the station. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in for periods of , or even
satellites which are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a
primarily used to monitor and

Earth & Beyond

2009-05-20T11:07:00.000-07:00

Game universe

It is not known what year it is set in exactly, but it is some time around 2575 AD. It features three races: the and Terran. The Progen are a genetically-altered and advanced race. The Jenquai are philosophers who seek eternal life. The Terrans are the original humans. Each of the three races is descended from the human race on . In essence, they are all human. The game's storyline takes place in the The Progen, Terran and Jenquai are all uneasy of each other, but still manage to live together in peace. The Terrans are known for their extremely large corporations, such as Infiniti Corp. and GetCo. Infiniti Corp. is the manufacturer of the inter-system and inter-sector warp gates. The warp gates were originally created by the mysterious Ancients, an enigmatic and hyper-advanced race who have all but disappeared.

The universe

Each Universe (server), consists of 12 main solar systems; more were added later in updates. Each system contains multiple sectors. Warp gates are used to travel from sector to sector, and system to system. While a large portion of time is spent in the beginning exploring all these sectors, travel can quickly become tiresome without faster engines.

he warp gate of Akeron was discovered when the reactor of a Progen freighter on a trade run near . The explosion propelled the freighter into a nearby asteroid field, where it collided with an asteroid, revealing the warp gate.

When a ship flew through the gate, it would be instantly transported to the Aragoth system. The finding of this gate led to many things, both good and bad:

The loss of several explorer vessels investigating the new Aragoth system
The start of the Gate war
Infiniti Corp. gained the ability to make other gates

Origins of the races

The home planet of all three races is really Earth, but when long range space travel first became available, humans started to explore and branch out. Those who stayed on Earth would later become the Terrans. Those who set out to explore the far reaches of the Solar system later became the Jenquai and colonized the around Jupiter. Those that colonized would later become the Progen. Each race then split into united but separate castes.

Changing conditions

One of the more interesting aspects of the game was the actual use of a plot and back-story in a game that would otherwise be just another ordinary MMOG. Regular updates added to the story, and included many new NPC missions as well as bug fixes.

Boss spawns

The universe was unpredictable - a sector that was normally peaceful could quickly change and become dangerous unless players stayed on their toes. There were several varieties of boss spawns: Some were activated after a certain number of lower level monsters were killed, while others were time-based. For example, the Crystal Daeva, which produced very valuable loot, had a spawn time of 72 hours.

As in most RPGs, nearly all bosses carried valuable and rare loot, which could be sold for significant amounts of cash on the in-game market. Boss spawns would usually cause a frenzy among the players in the area as everyone rushed for the kill - the player who scored the most damage would receive credit and looting rights.

Film industry

2009-05-20T11:03:00.000-07:00

The film industry consists of the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking: i.e.

Though the expense involved in making almost immediately led film production to concentrate under the auspices of standing production companies, advances in affordable film making equipment, and expansion of opportunities to acquire investment capital from outside the film industry itself, have allowed production to evolve.

Modern film industry

The film industry as it stands today spans the globe. The major business centers of film making are concentrated in the and

Distinct from the centers are the locations where movies are filmed. Because of labor and infrastructure costs, many films are produced in countries other than the one in which the company which pays for the film is located. For example, many U.S. movies are filmed in countries.

United States

Automotive industry

2009-05-20T11:01:00.000-07:00

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's In 2007, more than 73 million motor vehicles, including and were produced worldwide.

In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new automobiles were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in 21.4 million in 19.4 million in USA and Canada, 4.4 million in 2.4 million in the and 1.4 million in The markets in and were stagnant, while those in and grew strongly. Of the major markets, and saw the most rapid growth.

About 250 million vehicles are in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India. transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars. The movement focuses on solutions to these problems.

In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage. half of the US's fifty one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade.

Brazil

Main article:

The Brazilian automotive industry produced almost 3 million vehicles in 2007. Most of large global companies are present in Brazil, such as , , and also the emerging national companies such as others.

The Brazilian industry in regulated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes Auto makers (automobiles, light vehicles, trucks and buses)and Agriculture machines with factories in Brazil.

Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris.

The British motor industry has always been export oriented. Today it employs about 850,000 people and produces about 1.5 million cars and 216,000 per year, 75% of which are exported. top five UK car producers are and However, international competitiveness of UK cars have declined consistently since the 1990s and the country became unable to sustain production on par with Germany or France. Since 2000, motor vehicle production fell from 1,813,894 to 1,750,253. The country was overtaken by fast industrializing economies such as Brazil, India and Mexico. UK is the 12th largest automobile producer in the world but Russia is poised to overtake it in 2008.

Cinema of India

2009-05-20T10:59:00.000-07:00

Cinema of India constitutes of films produced across including the cinematic culture of along with the cinematic traditions of provinces such as Indian films came to be followed throughout and the —where modest dressing and subdued sexuality of these films was found to be acceptable to the sensibilities of the audience belonging to these regions. As cinema as a medium gained popularity in the country as many as 1,000 films in various were produced annually. in countries such as the and the continued to give rise to international audiences for films, some of which—according to the (2009) entry on —continued to carry "formulaic story lines, expertly choreographed fight scenes, spectacular song-and-dance routines, emotion-charged melodrama, and larger-than-life heroes." This is contrasted by the '' movement, prominent in other regional industries, known for its serious content, realism and naturalism.

In the 21st century, Indian cinema, along with the and , became a global enterprise. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgradation from established cinematic norms of delivering product, radically altering the manner in which content reached the target audience. Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The country also participated in international film festivals. Indian filmmakers such as Shekhar Kapur, Mira Nair, Deepa Mehta etc. found success overseas. Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and while the country's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through

India is the world's largest producer of films, producing close to a thousand films annually. 300 of the total films produced are in while the remaining are in other languages. However, Hindi films account for about half of the total revenue generated by cinema in India. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as and Prominent Indian enterprises such as and also participated in producing and distributing films. Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the , making the commercial presence of the medium felt.

The constitutes of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through mediums such as and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible. These earnings, accounting for some 12% of the revenue generated by a mainstream film, contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema, the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion US Dollars in 2000. for film production in the country included world. in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator, with the music rights alone accounting for 4-5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India.

Indian College

2009-05-20T10:55:00.000-07:00

Indian College

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to:

In the 17th century, the Indian College in order to educate , but it was not a success and disappeared by 1698.

History

In the 1640s, Harvard faced a financial crisis, which it attempted to resolve by obtaining funds to educate and convert local Native Americans. As a result, Harvard's charter of 1650 called for "the Education of the English and Indian Youth of the Country." Harvard obtained funds from the which agreed to build a two-story brick building in Harvard Yard. This building, the College, was completed in 1656. However, no Native American students attended it at that time, and the building was used for English students instead. building was also used to house a printing press, which printed John Eliot's translation of the Bible into between 1659 and 1663.

At least four Native American students attended the college:

and Joel Hiacoomes were classmates. Members of the tribe from they attended a preparatory school in and were admitted to Harvard for a scheduled graduation of 1665. A few months prior to graduation, Hiacoomes returned to Martha's Vineyard to visit his relatives, but was shipwrecked on on the return trip and not seen again. Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck successfully graduated, but died a few months later in from . His Latin address to the Society, beginning "Honoratissimi benefactores" Most honored benefactors), has been preserved.
John Wampus entered in 1666, but left the next year.
A student named Eleazar entered in 1675, but died of smallpox shortly thereafter.

Owing to the ill-health of Native American students, the building was little-used for its intended purpose. The press was disused by 1680, and when was completed in 1677, English students moved out of Indian College. Harvard officially closed the press in 1692 and in 1693 asked the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England for permission to tear down the building, intending to use the bricks to make a new building. The Society's response was only to ask that Native American students "should enjoy their Studies rent free in said building." By 1698 the building had been torn down.

Army & Navy canada

2009-05-20T10:50:00.000-07:00

Samuel Joseph Cohen opened the first Army & Navy location in on West Hastings Street in 1919, selling stock from closing, or destroyed stores, and

A second store was opened in on Scarth Street in 1920, and a third location was opened in in 1928 on 104th Street. A fourth store opened in (Saskatchewan) in 1933. Army & Navy opened a store in (British Columbia) in 1939, bringing the total to 6 stores. An additional Edmonton store, located at 97th Street and 103rd Avenue in the north end, was opened in 1955 and renovated and enlarged in 1968, and in 1969, Army & Navy also renovated and doubled the size of its Regina location.

With the death of Samuel Cohen in 1966, Garth C. Kennedy became president of the company, with Jack D. Cohen as vice-president. In 1973, Army & Navy took over a former at 21st Street and 3rd Avenue, a location now occupied by the . In 1978, the New Westminster store moved into the former Eaton's store at 502 Columbia Street which closed in late 1977 a few blocks away and remains there today, the store was very little renovated from its days as an Eaton's store, and in 1980, an eighth location was opened in at 1107 33rd Street NE. In 1998, Garth Kennedy died and the company was turned over to Jacqui Cohen. In 2000, the Moose Jaw store closed, followed soon after by the other two Saskatchewan stores. A new store was opened in 2001, and in Edmonton in 2003 in the Londonderry Mall.

Army & Navy ran a business from 1925-1986, making it one of the longest running Canadian department store catalogue

Computer engineering

2009-05-20T10:47:00.000-07:00

Computer Engineering (also called Electronic and Computer Engineering or Computer Systems Engineering) is a discipline that combines both engineers usually have training in electrical engineering, software design and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electrical engineering. Computer engineers are involved in many aspects of computing, from the design of individual to circuit design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also how they integrate into the larger picture.

Usual tasks involving computer engineers include writing software and chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal and designing Computer engineers are also suited for which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors.

Computer engineering as an academic discipline

The first accredited computer engineering degree program in the United States was established at in 1971; as of October 2004 there were 170 -accredited computer engineering programs in the US.

Due to increasing job requirements for engineers, who can design and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a bachelor's degree generally called computer engineering. Both computer engineering and include analog and digital circuit design in their curricula. As with most disciplines, having a sound knowledge of and sciences is necessary for computer engineers.

In many institutions, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior year, as the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and of computers is well beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. The joint Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Engineering defines the core knowledge areas of

IT industry

2009-05-20T10:29:00.000-07:00

An industry (from industrius, "diligent, industrious") is the of a or within a category. industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in and industry is a synonym for the , which is a type of economic activity involved in the raw materials into goods and products.

There are four key industrial the largely raw material extraction industries such as and the involving the , which deals with services (such as and ) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological such as computer programming, and biochemistry. A fifth has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The economy is also broadly separated into and , with industry generally categorized as private. Industries are also any buisness or maufacturing.

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour in and countries during the which upset previous and economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the and production. It is aided by technological advances, and has continued to develop into new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then assumed a economic policy. and began speedily establishing links with previously unreachable world markets, enabling private to develop to then-unheard of size and Following the perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries—more than share.

Many developed countries (for example the UK, the U.S., and Canada) and many developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) depend significantly on industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.

softwares

2009-05-20T10:26:00.000-07:00

Application software such as which perform productive tasks for users.
which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board mainboards or other types of integrated hardware carriers.
which controls and co-ordinates
System software such as which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software.
is a domain independent of development and programming. It consists of various methods to test and declare a software product fit before it can be launched for use by either an individual or a group. Many tests on functionality, performance and appearance are conducted by modern testers with various tools such as QTP, Load runner, Black box testing etc to edit a checklist of requirements against the developed code. ISTQB is a certification that is in demand for engineers who want to pursue a career in testing.
which is an or container term for all and application software that serve in combination for testing a not necessarily may optionally contribute to purposes. As such, testware is not a standing configuration but merely a working environment for application software or thereof.

Software includes etc. that are coded by like etc.

"Software" is sometimes used in a broader context to mean anything which is not hardware but which is used with hardware, such as film, tapes and records.

Architecture

computer

2009-05-20T09:32:00.000-07:00

Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first resembling a modern computer were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). The first electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers ( Modern computers based on tiny are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into a , and can be powered by a their various forms are of the , what most people think of as a "computer", but the in devices ranging from to , , and the most numerous.

The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from . The is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore computers ranging from a to a are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards though, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations.

The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. Examples of early mechanical calculating devices include the the and arguably the and the (which dates from about 150–100 BC). (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when. This is the essence of programmability.

The "castle clock", an invented by in 1206, is considered to be the earliest . It displayed the , the and , a -shaped travelling across a gateway causing to open every and five who played music when struck by operated by a attached to a The length of and could be re-programmed to compensate for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.

The end of the saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering. device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers, but none fit the modern definition of a computer, because they could not be programmed.

business

2009-05-20T09:27:00.000-07:00

(also called a firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized designed to provide and/or Businesses are predominant in most being privately owned and formed to earn that will increase the of its owners and grow the business itself. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a in exchange for and acceptance of Notable exceptions include businesses and . systems involve either government agencies, public, or worker ownership of most sizable businesses.

The of "business" relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the singular usage (above) to mean a particular or , the generalized usage to refer to a particular , such as "the music business" and compound forms such as , or the broadest meaning to include all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services. However, the exact definition of business, like much else in the , is a matter of debate.

, the study of the of individuals to maintain collective order to accomplish particular creative and goals (usually to generate profit), is taught as an subject in many scho

and businesses are concerned with the production of raw material, such as plants or minerals.
businesses include banks and other companies that generate profit through investment and management of
generate profits primarily from the resale of intellectual property and include and packaged software companies.
produce from or component parts, which they then sell at a profit. Companies that make physical , such as cars or pipes, are considered manufacturers.
businesses generate profit from the selling, renting, and development of properties, homes, and buildings.
and act as middle-men in getting goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumer, generating a profit as a result of providing sales or distribution services. Most consumer-oriented stores and catalogue companies are distributors or retailers. See also:
offer intangible goods or services and typically generate a profit by charging for labor or other services provided to government, other businesses or Organizations ranging from house decorators to consulting firms to restaurants and even to entertainers are types of service businesses.
businesses deliver goods and individuals from location to location, generating a profit on the transportation costs
produce public services, such as heat, electricity, or sewage treatment, and are usually government chartered.

There are many other divisions and subdivisions of businesses. The authoritative list of business types for North America is generally considered to be the , or NAICS. The equivalent European Union list is the NACE.

ols.

IT jobs

2009-05-18T10:59:00.000-07:00

Information technology (IT), as defined by the (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based , particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic and to , and

Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term has become very recognizable. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex and information . A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include , networking, engineering and software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems.

When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "infotech". Information technology is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information. Presumably, when speaking of Information Technology (IT) as a whole, it is noted that the use of computers and information are associated.

The term information technology is sometimes said to have been coined by Jim Domsic of Michigan in November 1981. Domsic, who worked as a computer manager for an automotive related industry, is supposed to have created the term to modernize the outdated phrase "data processing". The Oxford English Dictionary, however, in defining information technology as "the branch of technology concerned with the dissemination, processing, and storage of information, esp. by means of computers" provides an illustrative quote from the year 1958 (Leavitt & Whisler in Harvard Business Rev. XXXVI. 41/1 "The new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology.") that predates the so-far unsubstantiated Domsic coinage.

In recent years and the have collaborated to form for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study separate from both and is the ACM working group for defining these standards.

A computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected to each other. The network allows computers to communicate with each other and share resources and information. The Advanced Research Projects Agency ( designed "Advanced Research Projects Agency Network" ( for the United States Department of Defense. It was the first computer network in the world in late 1960s and early 1970s.